KIZILDENIZ-Physics

Physics

What is the specialty of Physics:

Physics is the natural science that studies matter and its basic components, motion and behavior through space, time, and related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves.

Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, by containing astronomy, perhaps the oldest. For the past, more than two thousand years, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. With many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the underlying mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy.

Advances in physics often allow advances in new technologies. For example, advances in understanding electromagnetism, solid-state physics, and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that dramatically changed contemporary society, such as television, computers, and household appliances, and advances in nuclear weapons in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization. Advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

History of Physics Specialization:

Elements of what became physical were drawn mainly from the fields of astronomy, optics, and mechanics, which were standardized systematically through the study of geometry. These mathematical disciplines began in antiquity with the Babylonians and with Hellenistic writers such as Archimedes and Ptolemy. Meanwhile, ancient philosophy included the so-called "physics".

Greek concept

The movement toward a rational understanding of nature began at least as early as the Archaic period in Greece (650-480 B.C.) with pre-Socratic philosophers. The philosopher Thales of Miletus (7th-6th centuries BC), nicknamed the "Father of Science" for his refusal to accept many supernatural, religious or mythological explanations of natural phenomena, declared that every event has a natural cause. Thales also made advances in 580 BC by proposing that water was the primary element, experimenting with the attraction between magnets and rubbed amber and formulating the first recorded cosmology. Anaximander, famous for his elementary evolutionary theory, opposed Thales' ideas and suggested that instead of water, a substance called apron was the building block of all matter. Around 500 BC, Heraclitus suggested that the only fundamental law governing the universe is the principle of change and that nothing remains in the same state indefinitely. This observation made him one of the first scholars in ancient physics to address the role of time in the universe, a key and sometimes controversial concept in modern and current physics. [citation needed]

Aristotle (384–322 BC)

During the Classical period in Greece (6th, 5th, and 4th centuries BC) and into the Hellenistic era, natural philosophy slowly developed into an exciting and controversial field of study. Aristotle (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotle) (384 - 322 BC), a student of Plato, promoted the concept that observation of physical phenomena could eventually lead to the discovery of the natural laws that govern them. [citation needed] Aristotle's writings cover physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. He wrote the first work that referred to this type of study as "physics" - in the fourth century BC, Aristotle established the system known as Aristotelian physics. Try to explain ideas like motion (and gravity) with the theory of the four elements. Aristotle believed that all matter consisted of aether, or a combination of four elements: earth, water, air, and fire. According to Aristotle, these four earthly elements are able to shift among themselves and move towards their natural place, so the stone falls down towards the center of the universe, but the flame rises upwards towards the ocean. Ultimately, Aristotelian physics became wildly popular for several centuries in Europe, providing information on medieval scientific and scholastic developments. It remained the dominant scientific model in Europe until the time of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton.

As early as Classical Greece, it was common knowledge that the Earth was spherical ("round"). Around 240 BC, as a result of a basic experiment, Eratosthenes (276–194 BC) estimated its circumference accurately. In contrast to Aristotle's geocentric views, Aristarchus of Samos (Greek: Ἀρίσταρχος; circa 310 - 230 BC) made an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the solar system, that is, to place the Sun, not the Earth, at its center. Seleucus of Seleucia, a follower of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory, stated that the Earth rotates on its axis, which in turn revolves around the Sun. Although the arguments he used are lost, Plutarch states that Seleucus was the first to prove the heliocentric system by reasoning.

The ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes, famous for his ideas on fluid mechanics and buoyancy.

In the 3rd century BC, the Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης (287-212 BC) - generally considered the greatest mathematician in the world)

For antiquity and one of the greatest mathematicians of all time - the foundations of hydrostatics, statistics and arithmetic basic mathematics of the lever. One of the preeminent scholars of classical antiquity, Archimedes also developed sophisticated systems of pulleys to move large objects with minimal effort. In Rome in the First Punic War. Archimedes tore down the arguments of Aristotle and beyond, pointing out that it was impossible to separate mathematics from nature and proved this by turning mathematical theories into practical inventions. Furthermore, in his work on buoyant bodies around 250 BC, Archimedes developed the law of buoyancy, also known as Archimedes' principle. In mathematics, Archimedes used the law of buoyancy. Exhaustion method for calculating the area under the arc of a parabola with summing an infinite series.

The importance of studying the specialty of Physics:

Physics - the study of matter and energy and their interactions - is an international institution that plays a major role in the future progress of humankind. Supporting physics education and research in all countries is important for the following reasons:

Physics is an exciting intellectual adventure that inspires young people and expands the frontiers of our knowledge of nature.

Physics generates the fundamental knowledge needed for future technological developments that will continue to drive the world's economic engines.

Physics contributes to the technological infrastructure and provides the necessary trained personnel to benefit from scientific advances and discoveries.

Physics is an important component of the education of chemists, engineers, and computer scientists, as well as practitioners of other physical and biomedical sciences.

Physics expands and enhances our understanding of other disciplines, such as earth sciences, agricultural, chemical, biological and environmental sciences, as well as astrophysics and cosmology - subjects of great interest to all peoples of the world.

Physics improves our quality of life by providing the basic understanding needed to develop new tools and technologies for medical applications, such as computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, ultrasound imaging, and laser surgery.

In short, for all these reasons, physics is an essential part of the educational system and advanced society. We, therefore, urge all governments to seek advice from physicists and other scientists on matters of scientific policy and to be supportive of physics. This support can take many forms, such as:

National programs to improve physics teaching at all levels of the educational system.

Build and maintain strong departments at universities (and other academic institutions) with opportunities to obtain grants to support research.

Scholarships and fellowships for undergraduate and graduate students studying physics.

Adequate funding for national laboratories and the establishment of new laboratories as required.

Financing and facilitating international activities and cooperation.

Physics courses: