What is the specialty of Material Engineering major:

The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also known as materials science and engineering, covers the design and discovery of new materials, especially solids. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient observations and phenomena in metallurgy and mineralogy, and materials science still includes elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering. As such, this field has long been considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields. Beginning in the 1940s, materials science began to be widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering, and major technical universities around the world established schools dedicated to its study.

Materials scientists emphasize understanding how a material's (processing) history affects its structure, and thus material properties and performance. Understanding the relationships of processing structure properties is called the material model. This model is used to advance understanding in a variety of research areas, including nanotechnology, biomaterials, and mineralogy.

Materials science is also an important part of forensic engineering and fault analysis - the examination of materials, products, structures, or components, that fail or do not function as intended, causing personal injury or property damage. These investigations are fundamental to understanding, for example, the causes of various aviation accidents and accidents.

History of the Materials Engineering major:

The material chosen for a particular era is often a watershed point. Phrases like Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Steel Age are historical statements, if they are random examples. Materials science is one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science, originally derived from ceramics and supposedly derived metallurgy. Modern materials science developed directly from metallurgy, which itself developed from mining and (probably) ceramics and before that from the use of fire. A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late nineteenth century, when the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs demonstrated that the thermodynamic properties related to the atomic structure in different phases are related to the physical properties of matter. Important elements of modern materials science were products of the space race. Understand and engineer the metal alloys, silica and carbon materials used in the construction of spacecraft to enable space exploration. Materials science has been driven, and has been driven by, the development of revolutionary technologies such as rubber, plastics, semiconductors, and biomaterials.

Prior to the 1960s (and in some cases decades later), many final materials science departments were metallurgical or ceramic engineering departments, reflecting the 19th and early 20th century focus on metals and ceramics. The growth of materials science in the United States was spurred in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which funded a series of university-hosted laboratories in the early 1960s "to expand the National Program for Basic Research and Training in Materials Science." The field has since broadened to include every class of materials, including ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, biomaterials, and nanomaterials, generally classified into three distinct groups: ceramics, metals, and polymers. A notable change in materials science during recent decades has been the active use of computer simulations to find new materials, predict properties, and understand phenomena.

Importance of studying Material Engineering:

Materials science and engineering connect many different disciplines. It is a bridge between designers who use materials and scientists who create and develop new designers. It deals with the physical objects of which everything is made, thus linking engineering and scientific concepts with the real world of products and people. It is critical to our survival in a world increasingly dependent on technology and materials.

Materials Engineering majors:

• Environmental sciences.
• computer science.
• Security and safety rules within engineering sites.
• geology.
• Management science.
• geography.
• Space engineering.
• Earth mechanics.

Fields of work for the specialization in Materials Engineering:

• Work in factories.
• Work as a supervisor or administrator.
• teaching field.
• Join the engineering laboratories.
• Work in the contracting sector.
• field of mineral exploration.
• Working in the mines.

What is the specialty of Nanotechnology specialization:

Nanotechnology, also shortened to nanotechnology, is the use of matter on an atomic, molecular and supramolecular scale for industrial purposes. The earliest and widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules to manufacture large products, now also referred to as molecular nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the processing of a material with at least one dimension ranging in size from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important in the scale of the quantum world, and therefore the definition has shifted from a specific technological objective to a research category that includes all kinds of research and techniques that deal with the special properties of matter that occur. less than the specified volume threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form of "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanotechnologies" to refer to a wide range of research and applications whose common characteristic is size.

Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally broad, including fields of science as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, energy storage, engineering, microfabrication, and molecular engineering. The research and associated applications are equally diverse, ranging from extensions of traditional device physics to entirely new approaches based on molecular self-assembly, from the development of new materials with dimensions at the nanoscale to the direct control of matter at the atomic scale.

Scientists are currently discussing the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a wide range of applications, such as nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials energy production, and consumer products. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, their potential impacts on the global economy, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate between advocacy groups and governments about whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.

History of the Nanotechnology Specialization:

The concepts that characterized nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by the famous physicist Richard Feynman in his talk "There's Lots of Room at the Bottom", where he described the possibility of synthesis through the direct manipulation of atoms.

Size comparison of nanomaterials

The term "nanotechnology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, although it was not widely known. Inspired by Feynman's concepts, K. Eric Drexler used the term "nanotechnology" in his book Engines of Creation: The Next Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of ​​a nanoscale "assembler" that would be able to build a copy of it and other elements of arbitrary complexity with Atomic control. Also in 1986, Drexler co-founded the Foresight Institute (which he is no longer affiliated with) to help increase public awareness and understanding of the concepts and implications of nanotechnology.

The emergence of nanotechnology as a field occurred in the 1980s through the convergence of theoretical and general work of Drexler, who developed and published a conceptual framework for nanotechnology, and high-definition experimental advances that drew additional widespread attention to prospects for atomic control of the subject. In the 1980s, two major achievements led to the growth of nanotechnology in the modern era. First, the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 which provided an unprecedented visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was successfully used to manipulate individual atoms in 1989. Microscope developers Gerd Bennig and Heinrich Rohrer at the IBM Research Laboratory in Zurich were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986, Bennig, Cott and Gerber also invented the similar atomic force microscope that year.

The importance of studying Nanotechnology specialization:

Nano science and technology, often referred to as "nanoscience" or "nanotechnology", is simply science and engineering that is carried out at the nanometer scale, i.e. 10-9 meters. Figure 1.1 gives some sense of how this scale relates to the most common daily scales. In the past two decades, researchers have begun to develop the ability to manipulate matter at the level of single atoms and small groups of atoms and to characterize the properties of materials and systems at this scale. This ability led to the startling discovery that groups of small numbers of atoms or molecules - nanoclusters - often have properties (such as strength, electrical resistance, conductivity, and optical absorption) that differ greatly from properties of the same material at either the single molecule scale or the bulk scale. For example, carbon nanotubes are much less chemically reactive than carbon atoms and combine properties of the two large naturally occurring forms of carbon, strength (diamond) and electrical conductivity (graphite). Furthermore, carbon nanotubes conduct electricity in only one spatial dimension, that is, along one axis, and not in three, as is the case for graphite. Nanoscale Science and Engineering also seeks to discover, describe, and manipulate those unique properties of matter at the nanoscale in order to develop new capabilities with potential applications in all areas of science, engineering, technology, and medicine.

The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) was created primarily because nanoscale science and technology is expected to have an enormous potential economic impact. The many potential applications of nanoscale science and technology have been touted in both the science and popular press, and there has been no shortage of promises made for nanotechnology's ability to revolutionize life as we know it. Far from any speculation or hype, the panel can point to current applications of nanomaterials and devices already impacting our nation's commerce, as well as developments that are mature enough to pledge impacts in the near future. Figure 1.2 is a timeline of the expected effects. Some of the current impacts, as well as the expected long-term effects of the technological revolution that nanoscale science and technology will usher in, are discussed in more detail below.

The best universities to study Materials Engineering and Nanotechnology in Turkey:

• istanbul Yeditepe university
• Spanga university