KIZILDENIZ-Epidemiology

Epidemiology

What is the specialty of Epidemiology:

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (of, when, and where) and the patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in specific populations. It is the cornerstone of public health and constitutes policy decisions and evidence-based practices by identifying risk factors for disease and preventive health care objectives. It assists epidemiologists in the design, collection, and statistical analysis of the study, and the modification of the interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional methodological review). Epidemiology has helped to develop the methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.

The main areas of epidemiological study include causes, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, environmental epidemiology, forensic epidemiology, occupational epidemiology, screening, biomedical surveillance, and treatment impact comparisons as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines such as biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make effective use of appropriate data and findings, social sciences to better understand nearby and distant causes, and engineering to assess exposure.

Epidemiology, which literally means "studying what falls on people," is derived from the Greek epi "when studying, speech, speech," "demos," "word" and "logos," indicating that it applies only to humans. Population. However, the term is widely used in studies of zoological groups (veterinary epidemiology), although the term "epidemiology" is available, and has also been applied to studies of plant groups (plant epidemiology of plant diseases).

A distinction was made between "epidemic" and "endemic" for the first time by Hippocrates, to distinguish between diseases "infected" by the population (epidemic) and those "living within" a population (endemic). The term "epidemiology" appears to have been first used to describe epidemiology in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in Epidemiología Española. Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases between populations, a condition known as mes.

The term epidemiology is now widely used to cover the description and cause of not only epidemic and infectious diseases, but the disease in general, including related cases. Some examples of subjects examined through epidemiology include hypertension, mental illness, and obesity. Therefore, this epidemiology depends on how the pattern of disease causes a change in human function.

History of Epidemiology Specialization:

In the mid-16th century, a doctor from Verona, Girolamo Frucastoro, was the first to propose a theory that these very small and invisible particles that cause the disease were still alive. They considered that they could spread by air, reproduce themselves, and be destroyed by fire. This way he refuted Galenus's theory of toxic gasses in patients. In 1543, he wrote a book entitled De contagione et contagiosis morbis, in which he first promoted personal and environmental hygiene for disease prevention. The development of a sufficiently powerful microscope by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek in 1675 provided visible evidence of living molecules consistent with the theory of disease germ.

During the Ming dynasty, Wu Yuk (1582-1652) developed the idea that some diseases were caused by infectious agents, which he called Li Chi ( ) when he observed various epidemics around him between 1641 and 1644. The book Wen Yi Lun His concepts were still being studied when the SARS outbreak was analyzed by the World Health Organization in 2004 in the context of traditional Chinese medicine. Another pioneer, Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689), was the first to recognize the fever of the London population in the late 17th century. His theories about fever treatments met with considerable resistance from traditional doctors at the time. He couldn't find the initial cause of smallpox fever that he researched and treated. John Grant, an expert in statistics and amateurs of junk, posted natural and political remarks... On the death bills in 1662. In it, he analyzed the list of deaths in London before the Great Plague, presented one of the first life schedules, and reported the temporal trends of many new and old diseases. He provided statistical evidence for many theories about the disease, and also refuted some common ideas about it.

The original map of Jon Snow shows cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 John Snow is best known for his investigations into the causes of cholera in the 19th century, also known as the father of modern epidemiology, and began to observe the significantly higher mortality rates in two areas provided by Southwark. Its identification of the Broad Street pump as the cause of the Soho epidemic is a classic example of epidemiology. Ice chlorine was used in an attempt to clean the water and remove the handle; That ended fascism. This is seen as a major event in the history of public health and as the founding event of epidemiology, having helped shape public health policies worldwide. However, Snow's research and preventive measures to avoid further fascism were not fully accepted or put into practice even after his death due to the Miasma theory prevailing at the time, a model of the disease in which poor air quality was blamed for the disease. This has been used to rationalize high infection rates in poor areas rather than address the underlying issues of malnutrition and sanitation and has been proven wrong by its work.

Other pioneers included the Danish physician Peter Anton Schleisner, who in 1849 recounted his work in preventing neonatal tetanus in the Vestmana Islands in Iceland, and another important pioneer was the Hungarian physician Ignaz Simeluis, who in 1847 reduced the infant mortality rate in Vienna. By clearing up. His results were published in 1850, but his work was badly met by colleagues who stopped the procedure. It was not until the British surgeon Joseph Lister discovered the purgatory in 1865 in light of the work of Louis Pastor that the purgatory was discovered.

In the early 20th century, mathematical methods were introduced into epidemiology by Ronald Ross, Janet Lynn Clayborne, Anderson Gray McKendrick, and others. Pathology to systematically investigate the geographic pathology of cancer and other non-communicable diseases across populations in different regions. After World War II, Richard Dole and other pathologists joined the field and advanced methods of studying cancer, a disease that has patterns and methods of occurrence that cannot be properly studied in the evolving ways of infectious disease epidemics. Geography pathology was eventually combined with infectious disease epidemiology to form the field of epidemiology today.

Another achievement was the publication of the results of the 1954 British Doctors' Study, led by Richard Dole and Austin Bradford Hill, which provided very strong statistical support for the relationship between tobacco smoking and lung cancer.

The importance of studying the specialty of Epidemiology:

Research into the causes of disease in humans uses epidemiological methods to identify avoidable risk factors that may be active before malignant tumors occur. Except for the risks of irradiation, the causes of bone tumors remain unclear, and it is particularly striking that in the scientific literature so far and in a survey of current research there are no epidemiological studies involving non-radiation exposed populations. This is why it was only possible to obtain preliminary suggestions for potential risk areas of environmental linkages based on an assessment of mortality and disease in relation to environmental factors. Many of the results obtained from systematic comparisons of deaths in the world and two related relationships have been reported, and difficulties in interpreting the results are discussed. Population registration of bone tumors, case studies, and evidence-based records is recommended.

Epidemiology courses: