KIZILDENIZ-Psychology

Psychology

What is the specialty of Psychology:

Psychotherapy (also psychotherapy or talk therapy) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when it is based on regular interpersonal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health, to resolve or mitigate distressing behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills. There are many types of psychotherapy designed for either adults, families, or children and teens. Certain types of psychotherapy are considered evidence-based for the treatment of some diagnosed mental disorders, and others have been criticized as pseudoscience.

There are hundreds of psychotherapy techniques, some of which are slight variations, while others are based on very different concepts of psychology, most of them involving individual sessions, between client and therapist, but some conducted with groups, including families.

Psychotherapists may be mental health professionals such as psychiatrists, psychologists, mental health nurses, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, or professional counselors. Psychotherapists may also come from a variety of other backgrounds, and depending on the jurisdiction they may be legally regulated, voluntarily regulated, or unregulated (and the term itself may or may not be protected).

History of Psychology Specialization:

Psychology was a branch of the field of philosophy until the 1860s when a separate scientific discipline developed in Germany. Psychology began as a field of an experimental study in 1854, in Leipzig, Germany, when Gustav Fechner created the first theory of how judgments are made about sensory experiences and how they are experienced. Fechner's theory, known today as Signal Detection Theory, foretold the development of statistical theories of comparative judgment and thousands of experiments based on his ideas (Link, S.W Psychological Science, 1995). Later, in 1879, Wilhelm Wundt founded in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Germany. Wundt was also the first person to refer to himself as a psychologist (Ferdinand Oberwasser (1752-1812) was one of the first to refer to himself as a psychologist (Ferdinand Oberwasser (1752-1812) who appointed himself Professor of Experimental Psychology and Logic in 1783 and gave lectures on experimental psychology at the University of Old Munster Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in the study of memory), William James (the American father of pragmatism), and Ivan Pavlov (who developed the procedures associated with classical conditioning).

Soon after the development of experimental psychology, various types of applied psychology emerged. Stanley Hall brought pedagogy to the United States from Germany in the early 1880s. John Dewey's educational theory in the 1890s was another example. Also in the 1890s, Hugo Münsterberg began writing about the application of psychology to industry, law, and other fields. Lightner Witmer founded the first psychiatric clinic in the 1890s. James McCain Cattell adapted Francis Galton's anthropometric methods to create the first mental testing program in the 1890s. Meanwhile in Vienna, Sigmund Freud developed an independent approach to the study of the mind called psychoanalysis, which was widely influential.

The twentieth century saw a reaction to Edward Titchener's criticism of Wendt's empiricism. This was contributed to the formulation of behaviorism by John B. Watson, and popularized by B.F Skinner. Behaviorism suggested emphasizing the study of explicit behavior because it can be easily measured and measured. Early behavioral scientists considered the study of the "mind" too ambiguous for fruitful scientific study. However, Skinner and colleagues have studied thinking as a form of subtle behavior that can apply the same principles of overt (observable) behavior.

The last decades of the twentieth century saw the emergence of cognitive science, an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the human mind. Cognitive science again considers the "mind" a subject of investigation, using the tools of evolutionary psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, behaviorism, and neuroscience. This form of investigation suggested that a broad understanding of the human mind is possible and that this understanding can be applied to other areas of research, such as artificial intelligence.

There are conceptual divisions of psychology into so-called "forces" or "waves," based on their schools and historical tendencies. The term is popular among psychologists to distinguish the increasing humanism in therapeutic practice from the 1930s onwards, called the "third force", in response to the deterministic tendencies of Watson's behaviorism and Freud's psychoanalysis. Humanistic psychology has important proponents such as Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Erich Fromm, and Rollo May. Their humanistic concepts are also related to existential psychology, Viktor Frankl's rationale therapy, positive psychology (which includes Martin Seligman as one of the main advocates), CR Cloninger's approach to well-being and personality development, as well as transpersonal psychology, which includes such concepts as

Spirituality, self-transcendence, self-awareness, self-realization, and mindfulness. In cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, similar terms have also been incorporated, with which “first wave” is considered the primary behavioral therapy; "The Second Wave," Albert Ellis' cognitive wave; and the "third wave" of acceptance and commitment therapy that emphasizes an individual's pursuit of values, methods of self-awareness, acceptance, and psychological resilience rather than challenging negative thinking schemes. The "fourth wave" maybe those that incorporate notions of meta-personalization and positive flourishing, in a way that some researchers criticize for its heterogeneity and theoretical orientation based on the therapist's point of view. The "fifth wave" has now been proposed by a group of researchers seeking to integrate previous concepts into a unified theory.

The importance of studying the specialty of Psychology:

Basically, psychology helps people to a great extent because it can explain why people act the way they do. With this kind of professional insight, a psychologist can help people improve decision-making, stress management, and behavior based on an understanding of past behavior to better predict future behavior. All of this can help people have a more successful career, better relationships, greater self-confidence, and better communication in general.

Psychology courses: