What is the specialty of Molecular and Genetics Engineering:

Genetic engineering and molecules are defined by genetic modification, which is the direct manipulation of genetic material in different organisms in a way that cannot occur in natural conditions. Any organism born to genetic modification is called a genetically modified organism. Through the specialization of genetic engineering in different universities, students are taught and trained to modify genes and integrate them into organisms with a view to improving them, whether, for humans, plants, animals or any of the microorganisms, using modern techniques to produce new and One of the most important roles of therapeutic genetic modification is to solve reproductive problems both from genetic and genetic problems through microscopic injection.

History of Molecular and Genetics Engineering Specialization:

Genetic engineering: It's the science of manipulating the organism's genetic material. The first synthetic genetic modification using biotechnology was gene transfer, and gene transfer from one organism to another, first completed by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1972. It was the result of a series of advances in techniques that allowed for direct modification of the genome. Important developments included the discovery of discoloration enzymes and DNA ligases, the ability to design plasmids and technologies such as polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Turned DNA into a host organism with the invention of the gene cannon, recombination and macrophages. The first genetically modified animal was a rat created by Rudolf Janes in 1974. In 1976 this technique was marketed, with the emergence of genetically modified bacteria that produced somatostatin, followed by insulin in 1978. In 1983 antibiotic-resistant genes were introduced into tobacco, leading to the first genetically modified plant. Subsequent developments have allowed scientists to process genes, add them to a variety of different organisms and stimulate a range of different influences. Plants were first marketed using virus-resistant tobacco issued in China in 1992. The first type of genetically modified food, the "Flavor traveled" tomato, was marketed in 1994. By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercial biotechnology crops. In 2000, she presented a paper published in the journal Golden Rice.

The importance of studying the specialty of Molecular and Genetics Engineering:

The importance of studying genetic and molecular engineering is due to scientific research that relies on genetic modification. These techniques are used in medical fields to produce drugs such as insulin or vaccines that treat diseases such as viral hepatitis and proteins to regulate the functioning of the immune system in the human body to combat diseases such as cancer, viral diseases and herpes, or in agricultural fields to produce genetically modified crops with new traits resistant to diseases and atmospheric factors, thereby reducing consumption. Over the past years, genetically modified plants and animals have been developed to produce low-cost drugs.

Genetic engineering is also used in industry to produce highly efficient and low-cost fertilizer and is also relied upon for recycling waste and for the production of microbes capable of providing sugar that can be used for ethanol production as well as the production of biofuels and bioenergy.

Molecular and Genetics Engineering courses:

 The duration of the course is 4 years for the bachelor's degree and the academic content of most Turkish universities includes a variety of courses, although the content may vary from university to university.

First school year:

• General introduction on biology and chemistry
• Mathematics for Biological Sciences
• Physics for Biological Sciences
• Vital Statistics
• Organic chemistry
• Introduction on bioinformatics.

Second school year:

• Molecular Genes
• Computing for Biological Sciences
• Molecular biochemistry
• Advanced study in molecular genes
• Advanced study in bioinformatics.

Third school year:

• Physiology of man
• Biotechnology
• Microbiology
• Biological science techniques
• Genes.

Fourth school year:

• Turkish universities usually train their students in practice inside or outside universities during the third and fourth years before graduation, to ensure that students are able and qualified for employment in various factories and institutions.

Fields of work for the Molecular and Genetic Engineering major:

• Various research centers
• International organizations
• Medical Parameter

Best Universities for Molecular and Genetics Engineering in Turkey:

• Istanbul Bahcesehir University
• Sabanci University
• Istanbul Kultur University
• University of Uskudar
• Kader HasUniversity